Also called Arfderydd or Caer Gwendoleu. A district directly on the border between England and Scotland, more-or-less at the head of Solway Firth - it is centered on the small town of Longtown, and encompasses land to the east of the River Esk and north of the River Lyne; Carlisle, in England, is 8 miles (13 km.) to the south, while Dumfries, in Scotland, is some 25 miles (40 km.) to the west (Lockerbie, site of the terrorist bombing of Pan Am 103 in Dec. 1988, is 17 miles (27 km.) to the northwest). In the early Dark Ages, the region formed an ephemeral kingdom following the invasion of Galloway and Strathclyde by Rheged.